Trachea Collapse in Dogs: Causes and Treatment

Tracheal collapse is a progressive condition most often seen in smaller and Toy breeds. It is associated with a dry goose-honk cough and does require ongoing, long-term management.

While surgical therapy is sometimes explored, the majority of dogs will be managed with medicine and lifestyle changes. Although there is no cure for this chronic health disease, most dogs can be well controlled and enjoy a good quality of life.

What is Tracheal Collapse in Dogs?

Tracheal collapse is a condition in which the airway becomes partially obstructed, leading to coughing and respiratory distress in dogs.

Why Does Tracheal Collapse Happen in Dogs?

There is a combination of factors that can lead to tracheal collapse.

Weakening of the Tracheal Cartilage Rings

There is weakening of the cartilage within the windpipe (trachea). As the trachea becomes weak and floppy, it narrows and begins to collapse.

The reduced diameter means that there will be less airflow, so less oxygen will reach the lungs.

Genetic Predisposition in Small Dog Breeds

Genes play a big role in this condition. If you look back in the dog's family tree, you will likely find that they have parents or siblings who are also affected.

Obesity

Being overweight puts extra pressure on the airways, which can significantly affect a dog’s breathing. The excess fat in the chest and neck makes it harder for the dog to breathe efficiently.

Irritants Such as Smoke or Allergens

Any airborne irritant is likely to trigger coughing in these dogs. As the airways are already inflamed, there is a greater risk of coughing fits and airway spasm.

Which Dog Breeds Are Most at Risk of Tracheal Collapse?

For some breeds, tracheal collapse is a common issue. Conversely, many larger breeds are at very low risk of ever developing it.

Toy Breeds

It is generally Toy breeds that develop this condition, with the Yorkshire Terrier, Pomeranian, Chihuahua, Maltese, Shih Tzu, and Pug among the most frequent offenders.

Age and Long-Term Respiratory Changes

As a dog gets older, their cartilage will weaken further. This is a progressive condition that worsens with age.

As the disease continues, there is often advancing inflammation and swelling of the airways. Secondary infections can complicate treatment for some pets.

What Are the Symptoms of Tracheal Collapse in Dogs?

Symptoms are not always going to be immediately obvious, and tracheal collapse is often confused for other conditions with similar signs, such as heart disease or Kennel Cough, or even episodes of choking.

The Characteristic “Goose Honk” Cough

There is no doubt that the telltale sign is the goose honk cough. However, many diseases can cause coughing in dogs, and not every dry cough is due to tracheal collapse.

Breathing Difficulties and Exercise Intolerance

Affected dogs typically experience periods of breathing difficulties and trouble exercising.

Owners may find that their pet can no longer keep up on long walks or becomes out of breath much more quickly and easily than expected.

Gagging, Wheezing or Vomiting After Coughing

For many dogs, the cough is just the tip of the iceberg. They experience additional signs, including gagging, wheezing, and even vomiting.

While the vomit is often limited to some froth or saliva, if a meal was recently eaten, dogs may also vomit food.

Blue Gums or Collapse in Severe Cases

With very advanced tracheal collapse, there is the potential for more serious signs to develop.

If a dog cannot properly catch their breath or a coughing fit persists, there is a real risk of hypoxia (low oxygen).

Hypoxic dogs can present with signs including blue mucus membranes, weakness, and excessive panting. It is even possible for them to collapse and have seizures.

When is Tracheal Collapse in Dogs an Emergency?

Although most dogs can cope well with tracheal collapse, there are occasions when these dogs may need immediate vet assistance.

Severe Breathing Distress

A dog who is struggling to breathe can present with symptoms including:

• Rapid panting
• Wheezing or snorting
• An extended neck
• Wide-based stance (front legs far apart)
• Blue or grey gums
• Drooling
• Obvious lethargy

How Do Veterinarians Diagnose Tracheal Collapse?

Your vet may already be suspicious of the diagnosis, based on your dog’s age and breed. They will read the medical history to get a broader picture of what may be going on.

Physical Examination

They will check your dog from nose to tail, focusing on listening to their chest and assessing their pulse and circulation.

X-Rays and Imaging of the Airway

They should take X-rays at both inspiration and expiration, ensuring the trachea is visible on both. Because X-rays are widely available and affordable, they are often the diagnostic tool of choice.

More Advanced Imaging Studies

More advanced imaging studies may be used, particularly in cases where the diagnosis is uncertain or the dog has additional airways disease.

This can include a CT scan, fluoroscopy (moving X-rays) or tracheoscopy (evaluating the airway with a camera-equipped endoscope).

How is Tracheal Collapse in Dogs Treated?

Although we cannot cure tracheal collapse, treatment can usually achieve good results.

Medications to Control Coughing and Inflammation

Cough suppressants and anti-inflammatories are the cornerstone of therapy.

Hydrocodone and Butorphanol are two frequently used cough suppressants. Corticosteroids may also be used in some cases, but caution is advised due to the potential for weight gain.

Weight Management and Lifestyle Adjustments

Slimming down to the optimal Body Condition Score (about 4 out of 9) can help tremendously. This is often achieved by limiting calories rather than requiring a new exercise regimen.

It is sensible to keep the home well ventilated and avoid products such as air fresheners, scented candles, and cigarettes.

Owners are also advised to avoid over-excitement and to keep their dog calm as much as possible.

Surgical Options for Severe Tracheal Collapse

Palliative surgery may be recommended for a small number of dogs, but it is important to emphasise that it is not possible to completely ‘fix’ the trachea and return it to its original state.

Surgery may include the use of tracheal rings, tracheal stents, or both.

Can Dogs Live Normally With Tracheal Collapse?

Many dogs continue to enjoy their lives, although this is a condition which requires ongoing management.

Long-Term Management and Monitoring

It is vital that dogs do not become overweight and that owners monitor their calorie intake.

Regular check-ups are advised to ensure the dog is coping well. It is not uncommon for these dogs to develop respiratory infections, and treating these early on with antibiotics is important.

Preventing Breathing Episodes

Diligent management of the dog and their environment can help to keep respiratory events to a minimum. This can include:

• Not missing any doses of medicine
• Avoiding irritants in the air
• Not allowing the dog to overheat or to become too excited
• Being sensible when it comes to exercise and not overdoing it

How Can You Further Reduce the Risk of Tracheal Collapse Episodes?

As an owner, your priority will be keeping your dog comfortable and ensuring their breathing remains calm and steady.

Switching From Collars to Harnesses

Taking pressure off the neck is sensible, and it is wise not to use a neck collar when attaching a leash. Rather, a body harness distributes any pressure more evenly.

Donut Beds

Consider using ‘doughnut’ beds, which allow dogs to comfortably elevate their heads while resting and sleeping.

Raising their head can help to open the airways a little more and may reduce coughing episodes.

Get Emergency Vet Care for Your Dog

Contact our emergency vet teams at any time if you are concerned about your dog’s breathing, whether or not they have a diagnosis of tracheal collapse.

Trachea Collapse in Dogs​ FAQs

What Are the First Signs of Tracheal Collapse in Dogs?

Owners often notice a persistent dry cough. This is sometimes confused for an infection, such as Kennel Cough.

What Does a Tracheal Collapse Cough Sound Like?

You’ll hear a very dry and harsh cough, said to sound like a goose honk.

Is Tracheal Collapse in Dogs Life-Threatening?

If left untreated, tracheal collapse does have the potential to be life-threatening, yes. Thankfully, with ongoing care, most dogs can live to a normal lifespan.

Can Tracheal Collapse in Dogs Be Cured?

There is no cure for tracheal collapse. While surgical treatment exists, it is considered more of a management strategy when medical therapy is no longer helping.

How Can I Help My Dog During a Tracheal Collapse Episode?

Try to keep your dog cool, calm and in a well-ventilated area. It may help to remove any doggy clothing or collar. Seek emergency care if you’re concerned your dog is struggling.